TRENDING NOW

Recent Post Recent Post
View More

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises

The place that is known for Sind has an ancient past with probably the most striking scenes in history having happened in its chest. It has given a marginally extraordinary variety of its name to our neighboring nation and to the religious lion's share of its occupants. Both the words India and Hindu are gotten from Sindhu, which, in Persian progressed toward becoming Hind and Hindu (the letter H substituted for S) and in Greek and Roman, Ind (the letter S of Sind having being dropped). The significance of the word Sindhu is water, alluding to the considerable stream. There is an old conviction among Muslims that four streams had sprung from Heaven: Neel (Nile), Furat (Euphrates), Jehoon (Juxartes) and Sehoon (Sind).

The Aryans called the entire of Pakistan, Kashmir and East Afghanistan as Sapta Sindhu — the place that is known for seven waterways. In Rigveda it is alluded to as Sapta Sindhva, while India is named Bharat Varsa (the place that is known for the children of Bharat, an unbelievable Emperor).1 Thus, notwithstanding for the Aryans there were two nations in this sub-landmass: Sapta Sindhva and Bharat Varsa. The Assyrians in the seventh century B.C. knew the north-western piece of the sub-landmass as Sinda. Be that as it may, when India started to be called Hind by Persians and Arabs, and Ind by Greeks and Romans, the nearby individuals kept on calling their territory, Sind. This qualification proceeded for a considerable length of time. Middle Easterner geographers, history specialists and voyagers additionally called the whole region from the Arabian Sea to the scope of Kashmir mountains Sind.3 As such, there were constantly two nations in the sub-mainland — Sind and Hind. The present Pakistan (counting Kashmir and a noteworthy part of Afghanistan) constituting one nation, and India, another.

As respects the organization of the number of inhabitants in Sind Province (before Partition) the two primary stocks that occupy Sind are identified with, and normal, one with the Punjab and another with Baluchistan. The greater part stock is that of Rajputs and Jats who are the relatives of Sakas, Kushans and Huns who additionally constitute most of the populace the Punjab. Amid Kalhora govern various Jat tribes, for example, the Sials, Joyas and Khawars originated from the Punjab and settled in Sind. They are called Sirai i.e., men from the north and speak Siraiki dialect.

Two primary Rajput tribes of Sind are: the Samma, a branch of the Yadav Rajputs who occupy the eastern and lower Sind and Bahawalpur; and the Sumra who, as per the 1907 version of the Gazetteer are a branch of the Parwar Rajputs. Among others are the Bhuttos, Bhattis, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chachar, Dhareja, Rathors, Dakhan, Langah etc.4 The Mohano tribe is spread over Makran, Sind and southern Punjab. They are additionally related to the "Mallah" of the Punjab and both have in like manner a sub-segment called Manjari. All these, old Sindhi tribes are known under the basic terminology of Sammat.

The littler stock is that of Baluchi tribes setlled in different parts of Sind generally amid the last five hundred years or so Since they were military individuals and led over Sind for quite a while before the entry of the British, they procured immense terrains in the territory with the outcome that countless day Sindhi landowners are of Baluch starting point. As per the 1941 enumeration, which was the last one held before Partition Baluchis shaped 23% of the aggregate Muslim populace of Sind. Among the Baluchi tribes possessing Sind are the Rind, Dombki, Jakhrani, Leghari, Lashari, Chandio, Karmati, Korai, Jatoi, Burdi, Khosa, Jamali, Umrani, Bugti, Marri, Mazari, Talpur, Brohi, Nizamani, Buledhi, Karrani, Bozdar, Nukharni, Magsi and so on. These tribes are spread over Baluchistan, Sind and the south-western regions of the Punjab.



However a third supply of Sindhi populace includes the relatives of Muslim winners, executives and ministers who were generally Arabs, Persians, Turks or Mughals. They are a little minority settled in urban communities and towns however so profoundly retained and mixed with alternate segments of the populace that all the three together have advanced an unmistakable dialect and culture. Of this third component Arabs have contributed most to the improvement of Sindhi dialect and writing and to the headway of its scholarly and social exercises.

Since the early history of Sind is personally identified with the historical backdrop of the Punjab and different territories of Pakistan it require not be managed finally. Just a concise record might be endeavored here, without specifying the Indus Valley human progress which will be talked about later.

Sunrise of history uncovers an Aryan line in control in Sind. In the Mahabharata (twelfth or thirteenth century B.C.) Jayadrath, King of Sind shows up as a factional of Panduas against their cousins Kauruas. Next authentic specify of Sind is found around 575 B.C. amid the season of Achaemenian tradition. The Iranian General, Skylax, investigated Indus in a flotilla prepared close Peshawar, vanquished the Indus Valley and added it to the Empire of Darius the Great. The vanquished territory of the Punjab and Sind was viewed as the wealthiest and the most crowded satrapy of the Empire and was required to pay the colossal tribute of completely a million sterling. Next authentic record is that of Alexander's attack in 326 B.C. A tribe called Mausikanos whose capital is generally related to Alor (Rohri) is said to have submitted. As indicated by Greek students of history the domains of this boss were the most thriving of all that the Greeks had seen. A couple of hundreds of years after the fact Roman students of history have said Sind as a rich nation. Patala in bring down Sind was referred to them as an emporium of exchange.

Alexandrian period was trailed by that of the Mauryas (third century BC) whose fall got Graeco-Bactrians (second century B.C.). They governed over the entire of Pakistan with their capital at Taxila. Their coins are as yet found in the old towns of Sind. The Graeco-Bactrian period was trailed by that of the Scythian (Saka) attack in the primary century BC. "They settled here in such expansive numbers that Sind ended up plainly known as Indo-Scythia and right up 'til today a huge extent of the populace is positively Scythian."5 Two Scythian tribes, the Jats and Meds, are specified as having attacked the Punjab and Sind. A portion of the present day Mohanas of Sind and Baluchistan call themselves Med. "In 60 AD Sind was involved by Scythians, governed maybe from far away Taxila."6

The principal century A.D. seen the entry of the Kushans who, alongside the Scythians (Sakas) and later Parthians, led over Afghanistan and Pakistan for around four centuries from Peshawar. The following extraordinary holocaust happened in the fifth century A.D. with the Hun intrusion which outperformed every single past record in its power and endlessness. Their attack introduced the Rajput period which endured till the seventh century A.D. in Sind (80 years before the landing of Mohd. Canister Qasim); till the finish of tenth century AD in the Punjab and NWFP (upto the entry of Mahmud Ghaznavi) and till the finish of twelfth century in northern India when Mohammad Ghori crushed Prithviraj in 1192 A.D.

Before lmaduddin Mohammad Bin Qasim's landing here, Rajputs were the decision race in Sind and in whatever is left of northern India. The last Rajput leader of Sind was Raja Sahasi II whose territories reached out up to Kashmir. He was a contemporary of Prophet Mohammad and claimed Buddhism as did his dad Siharus. The manage of Raja Sahasi II finished in 632 A.D. the year Prophet Mohammad kicked the bucket. He was prevailing by his Brahmin chamberlain, Chach, who had turned into a most loved of Sahasi's better half. Chach administered over Sind for around 68 years from 632-700 A.D. His child Dahir was the ruler when Mohammad Bin Qasim landed here in 711 A.D.

The line of rulership before Islam runs in this manner: Siharus, Sahasi II, Chach, Dahir. The initial two were Buddhist Rajputs and the last two Hindu Brahmins. The new Brahmin rulers were to a great degree threatening towards the Buddhists who were in generous numbers in Sind around then and they had heartlessly stifled the Jats and Meds who framed the main part of the lower class. Mortifying conditions were forced on the Jats denying them of numerous social liberties. "Whenever Chach, the Brahmim chamberlain who usurped the position of royalty of Rajput King Sahasi II went to Brahmanabad, he charged upon the Jats and Lohanas not to convey swords, maintain a strategic distance from velvet or smooth material, ride steeds without seats and stroll about exposed headed and uncovered footed."7 It was a result of this foundation that Mohammad Bin Qasim got participation from the Buddhists and the Jats and Meds amid his battle in Sind. Among other people who did not restrict Mohammad Bin Qasim's progress and made peace with him was the Bhutto tribe.8 In certainty he was hailed as deliverer by a few areas of neighborhood populace. The unassuming position of the Buddhists in Sind looking for help from outside can be perused in the Chach Nama.

"Mohammad Bin Qasim's work was encouraged by the unfairness of certain Buddhist ministers and maverick boss who forsook their sovereign and joined the trespasser. With the help of some of these swindlers, Mohammad crossed the huge sheet of water isolating his armed force from that of Dahir and offered fight to the ruler close Raor (712 A.D.). Dahir was vanquished and killed."9



THE JATS OF SIND

Before beginning a survey of the Muslim time of Sind's history, we should talk quickly of the Jats of Sind (Pakistan) who were known all finished Iran and the Middle East for their solid constitution and innovative nature. They have a vivid history and a courageous past.

The creator of Mujmaul Tawarikh has cited a terminated Sanskrit work as per which the first tenants of Sind were Jats and Meds. Early Arab scholars on Sind additionally say that Jats and Meds were imperative tribes in their opportunity. Ibn Khurdabah notices "zutts" as guarding the course amongst Kirman and Mansura while Ibn Haukal states: "Amongst Mansura and Makran the waters from the Mehran frame lakes and the occupants of the nation are the south Asian races called Zutt. Th
Continue reading

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises
Punjab, region of eastern Pakistan. It is circumscribed by the Indian territory of Jammu and Kashmir toward the upper east, the Indian conditions of Punjab and Rajasthan toward the east, Sindh region toward the south, Balochistān and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa areas toward the west, and Islamabad government capital range and Azad Kashmir toward the north. The common capital, Lahore, is situated in the east-focal locale, close to the outskirt with India. The name Punjab signifies "five waters," or "five streams," and means the land depleted by the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej waterways, which are tributaries of the Indus River. Punjab is Pakistan's second biggest territory, after Balochistān, and the most thickly populated. Region 79,284 square miles (205,345 square km). Pop. (2011 est.) 91,379,615.

Urban human advancement existed in the Indus River valley from around 2500 to 1500 bce, when, it is trusted, Aryan invasions conveyed it to an end. The range entered written history with the extension of Punjab and Sindh to the Persian realm by Darius I (c. 518 bce). The originator of the Maurya administration, Chandragupta, fused the locale into his Indian realm around 322 bce. The principal Muslims to infiltrate northern India were the Arabs, who in 712 ce vanquished the lower Punjab. Whatever is left of the Punjab was vanquished (1007– 27) by Maḥmūd of Ghazna. The region in this way went under different other Muslim rulers until the triumphant section of the Mughals in 1526. Under the Mughals the territory appreciated peace and thriving for over 200 years. Their energy declined after 1738, be that as it may, and in 1747 Lahore fell under feeble Afghan run set apart by rebellion and turmoil. The religious order called the Sikhs rose to control in the last piece of the eighteenth century. The Punjab went under British occupation in 1849, after the British triumph over the Sikhs in the skirmishes of Chilianwala and Gujrat. At the point when the Indian subcontinent got its autonomy in 1947, Punjab was part amongst Pakistan and India, with the bigger western segment winding up some portion of Pakistan. The present common limits were built up in 1970.

Punjab's territory for the most part comprises of an alluvial plain framed by the southward-streaming Indus River and its four noteworthy tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej waterways. The general incline of the land is from upper east to southwest, however it ascends in the zones between waterways. The alluvial plain has a decent variety of landforms: its dynamic floodplains are overwhelmed each stormy season and contain changing waterway channels, while wind floodplains lying adjoining the dynamic floodplain are set apart by relict and deserted channels. In the northern parts of the territory are the Murree and Rawalpindi and the Pabbi slopes, some portion of the Sub-Himalayas, and in the far north is the Potwar Plateau. Despite the fact that the area is a customary floodplain, the remarkable flooding of the Indus River in the late spring of 2010 was particularly grievous in Punjab, where a great many individuals were influenced (by a few appraisals, one-portion of all Pakistanis influenced were in Punjab). The administration's inability to alarm people in general of the approaching debacle inspired much feedback; some felt that authorities, having had past experience taking care of flooding there, ought to have possessed the capacity to furnish Punjabis with additionally cautioning.

Punjab lies on the edge of the storm atmosphere. The temperature is for the most part sweltering, with stamped varieties amongst summer and winter. In the plain the mean June temperature achieves the mid-90s F (mid-30s C), while the mean January temperature is in the mid-50s F (low 10s C). The normal yearly precipitation is low, with the exception of in the sub-Himalayan and northern ranges, and declines extraordinarily from north to south or southwest, from 23 inches (580 mm) at Lahore in east-focal Punjab to only 7 inches (180 mm) at Multān in the southwest.


Punjab is the most crowded territory of Pakistan, containing the greater part the nation's aggregate populace and a few of its real urban areas: Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multān, and Gujranwala. There is significant country to-urban relocation in the region, particularly to the bigger urban communities. In religion, the area is altogether Muslim, with a little Christian minority. Punjabi is the primary language of the colossal lion's share of the populace. The principle composed dialect is Urdu, trailed by English. The real ethnic gatherings are the Jat, Rajput, Arain, Gujar, and Awan. The standing framework is step by step getting to be noticeably obscured because of expanding social portability, intercaste relational unions, and changing general assessment.



Farming is the main wellspring of wage and work in Punjab. A significant part of the territory once comprised of forsake squanders that were negative for settlement, yet its character changed after a broad system of water system trenches was worked in the mid twentieth century utilizing the waters of the Indus tributaries. The zone of settlement, which had some time ago been constrained toward the north and upper east, was augmented to incorporate the entire region, and now around seventy five percent of the territory's cultivable land is flooded. Wheat and cotton are the vital harvests. Different yields developed incorporate rice, sugarcane, millet, corn (maize), oilseeds, heartbeats, organic products, and vegetables. Domesticated animals and poultry are brought up in substantial numbers.

Punjab is one of the more industrialized territories in Pakistan; its assembling enterprises deliver materials, apparatus, electrical machines, surgical instruments, metals, bikes and rickshaws, floor covers, and handled nourishments. Pakistan's primary north-south street and railroad interface Lahore with Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, toward the north and with the sea port of Karachi toward the south. Punjab is associated by street or railroad to India, China, and Afghanistan, and its significant urban areas are connected by street. Lahore's airplane terminal gives local administration. The University of the Punjab and the University of Engineering and Technology are situated in Lahore, as are different schools, exhibition halls, libraries, and social focuses.
Continue reading

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises

Here Is a Article with details about Regions and Provinces of Pakistan.
Five Provinces are Present in Pakistan.

Provinces:

  • Punjab.
  • Sindh.
  • Balochistan.
  • Khaber Pakhton Khaw[KPK].
  • Gilgit Baltistan

Capital's Of Provinces:

  1. LAHORE.
  2. KARACHI.
  3. QUETTA.
  4. PESHAWAR.
  5. GILGIT.

Azad Kashmir:

                                   It is the most Important region of Pakistan.The Most Beautiful and The Heaven on Earth.

Hazara:

                  There is a news that Hazara will be a new Province with Abbotabad as Capital.
Continue reading

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises

    Life 


A MOST ASKED QUESTION IS:
    WHAT IS LIFE?

Ans
Life is a running path who runs fast He/She wins.



  •   How I say This:

                                        This word look like a meaning full word but I dont think like this because life has no means once we start running before our birth and stop running after the death.It is my opiniomn and I think that everyone have different opinion and he can share it with everyone.


  •   Before Birth:  

                    Before birth we run in the form of a drop of water but which runs fast is selected for birth.

  •   Baby:

         So lets come to topic that life is a running path no body thinks like this If you are a baby you have to grow and growing is the running of that age and After that when a baby start walking on his first day Parents also want to wattch him running.
                   

  •   Student/Young[Teen age]:

                                                                           If you are a student of any age you must think about this that you are running for your future and you are striving to get good marks or stood first in the class and the other situation which come at the same point is when you are young at that time you start running for the will and happiness of parents.


  •   Mature Person:

                         When we get mature we get the burden of workk of our family and we start running for our respect and money a better job and a better family life.


  •  Elder:

         When we get elder we mostly start worshiping God at that time when the life is near the end and We run of our success after life and run for heaven.


  •  After Death:

                    After death people thinks what should I will be writting in this after death heading but there is a thing that there is a life after death where the We will run for heaven like we will get the reward of what we did in The Life.
          
Continue reading

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises

Discovering Nature For Visitors,A BEAUTIFUL TOUR TO MUREE.





Discovering Nature For Visitors,A BEAUTIFUL TOUR TO MUREE






If I should Explain it to you Only in one post so it should be a disgrace with that beautiful natural place.
I think That Explaining it deeply it should take up to  more than 5 posts.
These  pics are only the Highlight of this tour.
If visitors should comment for I should Upload more news About my this tour.
Continue reading

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises


Geography, Land, Boundaries and Neighborhoods
1. Geography and the People
2. Boundaries
3. Neighborhoods
1: Geography and the People
Pakistan was comprised of two wings when it came into existence on August 14, 1947. East Pakistan separated in 1971. Post-1971 or present day Pakistan is located in the Northwestern part of South Asian Sub-continent.

 It has maintained its distinctiveness in the Sub-continent. Indus Valley Civilization is as old as 2500-1600 BC. The archeological heritage of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are clear evidence of this fact. Arians first came to this land followed by Islam and Muslims from Central Asia and Afghanistan. Muslim rule continued about one thousand years. Then the downfall of Muslim empire paved the way for British Rule, which ended with the formation of two independent states of India and Pakistan.

 Location:

 Pakistan is located between 24_37 degrees North latitude 61_75 degrees East longitude.

 Territory:
Its area is 796,095 sq Kilometers.
__________________Territory_____percentage
________________(in thousand)_____%
Balochistan _________347.2_______43.61
Punjab______________205.3_______25.81
Sindh_______________140.9_______17.71
NWFP________________74.6_______9.4
FATA________________27.2_______ 3.4
Islamabad_____________0.9________0.1

 Diversity in the nature of territory:

 • North and Northwest: It includes Mountains of Himalayan and trans-Himalayan Ranges, Korakoram & Pamirs, which includes some of highest peaks like K2, Nanga Parbat etc.
• West: Baluchistan Plateau is about 1000 feet in elevation with dry mountains crossing it from northeast to the southwest. Here very little rainfall occurs.
• Indus Plains: Main agricultural region in the middle of the Indus valley.
• The Potohar Plateau is there in the East of upper Indus plains.
• In South East of Indus Plains there is Deserts Thal, Cholistan and Thar.

 Climate:
Climate of Pakistan is diverse.
North, Northwestern Mountains are extremely cold in winter but mild in summer. The Indus Plains are extremely hot in summer but cold and dry in winter.Coastal regions are having temperate climate. There are some variations within each region.

 Four Seasons:

 Summer: May to September
Winter: November to February
Spring: March-April
Autumn: September-October
Rain: It varies from region to region. The main rainy season is the summer i.e. Monsoon.
Population:
Pakistan is having a large population. The growth rate recorded over 3 percent in the 1970s to early 1990s. Now declined due to a number of measures by the government but still it is higher as compare to the other countries of the region. Census is taken after every ten years.

 --------1951, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1998
-----------------------------------------------
Year Population----Annual Growth
-------In Million-----Percent
1951 -----36.2 --------
1961 -----46.2 ----2.80
1972 -----65.3 ----3.10
1981 -----84.3 ----3.06
1998 -----130.6 ----2.61
*In 2006, the population is estimated to be over 160 million.

 Important Features of the Population:

 • More than 50 Percent population is under the age of 21. A large part of this population is dependent.
• Add to this people over 65 years.
• About 30 percent population lives in urban areas.
• Why migrations to urban areas: Education, jobs, facilities etc.
• Impact of urbanization: Poor civic conditions, education, health, housing, town planning etc.
• Provincial population. Punjab 56-57 percent Sind 23 percent NWFP 14 percent Baluchistan 5.3 percent
• Low literacy rate: Official literacy rate is 46 percent but functional literacy rate is even lower.
• Women literacy rate is much lower. In certain areas of Baluchistan women literacy is nominal to non-existent.
• Why population figures are important. For Planning and development, Socio-economic development and poverty alleviation etc.
• Social development indicators are poor in Pakistan. No ideal figure for population can be named. It depends upon the resources. High population is asset as well as a liability because we cannot feed them.
• Efforts to manage population are being done by the Government as well as by non-governmental organizations in the field of health care, family planning and education.
2: Boundaries:

 Pakistan shares boundaries with four countries.
• China in the northeast: About 600 km long border in the Northern Areas. Silk Route is a major link for trade and traveling.
• Afghanistan: North and Northwest about 1200 miles. Durand Line was drawn on
November 1893 as a border between the two neighbors.
• Iran in the West share about 590 miles border from Koh-i-Malik Siah to Gawadar.
• India in the East having a border about 1400 miles which was established in August
1947.
• We also face India on the LOC in Kashmir, the most troubled frontier having hardly any natural barriers, highly volatile and porous.
• South: Arabian Sea, Coastline 450 miles. Stretches from the Rann of Kutch Indian border to the Iranian border in the West.
3: Neighborhoods:
Pakistan is located in strategically important region. It is the center of global interests. For all the big powers like China and Russia it is important. U.S maintains interests to keep an eye on both China and Russia.

It is on the gateway of Central Asian Muslim States through Afghanistan. On the other side of it is the outer region of the Gulf region having rich oil resources and economic wealth. Pakistan has close brotherly ties with these states. Now the pipelines of oil and gas are planning to be passed through Pakistan. It will be a new start of economic cooperation in the region.
Continue reading

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises
Political History (1972-2003)

 1. 1972-1977
2. 1977-1985
3. 1985-1999
4. 1999-2002
5. 2002 onwards

1: 1972-1977:

Z. A. Bhutto assumed power on December 20, 1971. First he became President of Pakistan and also the first civilian Chief Marshal Law Administrator.

 Major Policies
The first task was the Constitution making. In 1972 Interim Constitution was adopted and then the
Parliament of Pakistan unanimously adopted 1973 Constitution.
The major policy of Mr. Bhutto was Nationalisation. His government nationalised:
1. Emerald mines in Swat
2. Key industries like Iron & Steel, Basic metals, heavy engineering, heavy electrical, Motor Vehicles & Tractors, Heavy & Basic Chemicals, Petro- Chemicals, Cement, Gas, Oil Refinery etc.
3. Life Insurance in 1972
4. Banks in 1974
5. Schools and Colleges in 1972. New University Ordinance was issued in 1973.
6. Managing and sub-agencies were abolished.

Labour Policy

A new Labour Policy was announced in which more rights and concessions were given to the working classes.


Health Policy

Under new Health Policy cheap medicine and facilities were promised to the masses.


Administrative Reforms

Administrative Reforms were introduced to eradicate corruption in the country. Hundreds of civil servants were removed on the charge of corruption.


Problems of Reforms:

Reforms were good in outlook but as their results were not according to the expectations of the masses. Discontentment took the place of initial optimism.


1977 Elections and Agitation:

As a result of elections of 1977 PPP won the elections. But joint opposition blamed a mass rigging in the election results. They demanded fresh elections. Bhutto initially was stubborn but later showed inclination to compromise but history has taken a U-turn. As he refused to negotiate the elected majority party in 1971, now opposition refused to compromise and took the case to the streets. Urban shopkeepers, businessmen, students, women and even the intelligentsia joined hands against the government. The result was the third Martial Law and end of democracy.

2: 1977-1985:

Chief of Army Staff General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq took over and imposed Martial Law. He suspended constitution. It was the longest military Rule in the history of Pakistan. To justify his rule Zia-ul-Haq presented his Agenda about:
• Effective Administration
• Islamisation
• Return to Democracy

Major Policies:

Zia-ul-Haq promised Elections first within 90 days, and then extended this period after the reforms. These reforms included:
Accountability of the ousted regime;
Restrictions imposed on political activities and press.


Islamisation:

In his way of Islamisation of the system he introduced many steps for forging cooperation of some Islamic groups.
He also introduced Constitutional and legal changes to emphasis on Islamic values in the society. He established:
• Shariat benches established in 1979;
• Federal Shariat Court was established in 1981;
• Introduced Islamic Punishments; Amputation of hands, Stoning to death and lashing etc;
• Interest free banking initiated in 1981 on the principle of profit & loss sharing;
• Zakat deducted on saving accounts & investments;
• Ushar was imposed on agricultural produce in 1983;
• New education Policy with Islamic character of syllabus along with Pakistan Studies and Islamiat compulsory for all the classes up to graduation.
• Islamisation of Mass media;
• Prayers break was introduced in offices, and Mohaallah Salat Committees were formed to observe the compliance of Prayer Ordinance;
• Pakistan Bat-ul-Mall was established.

Return to democracy

In order to return to democracy Zia-ul-Haq took the following measure:
1. Local Bodies elections, 1979.
2. Referendum was held to elect Zia-ul-Haq as president for next five years on December 1984.
3. Then he held elections on non-party basis on February 1985.
4. New National Assembly (NA) was formed and a Civilian government was installed.
5. Revival of the Constitution Order March 1985 with most controversial 8th Constitutional Amendment was introduced.
6. Withdrawal of martial law, Dec 30, 1985.

3: 1985-1999 Civilian Rule

Democracy was restored but no civilian government could complete its tenure of five years and became the victim of 58-2B of 8th amendment by virtue of that President can dissolve NA and dismiss the elected government.
1. Junejo March 1985-May 1988
2. Benazir Bhutto November 1988-Aug 1990
3. Nawaz Sharif October 1990-July 1993
4. Benazir Bhutto October 1993-November 1996
5. Nawaz Sharif February 1997-October 1999
Interim Prime Ministers appointed for holding fair elections were
1. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi: August-November 1990
2. Bulkh Sher Mazari: April-May 1993
3. Dr. Moeen Qureshi: July-October 1993
4. Malik Meraj Khalid: November 1996-February 1997
Civilian government adopted policies for the welfare and betterment of the people but their effects were compromised due to several reasons:
• Problem of keeping coalitions intact;
• Weak political parties, which weakened the government;
• Greater confrontation;
• Complaints of corruption and misuse of state resources.

4: 1999-2002:

In 1999 again Military Rule was imposed against the civilian government’s attempt to concentrate power in the office of Prime Minister. Nawaz government introduced political and constitutional changes to have a complete control on all branches of the government.
Nawaz government’s attempt to remove the Army Chief, while he was out of the country and returning from his visit to Sri Lanka, proved counter productive. General Musharraf took over as the Chief Executive of the country and suspended the constitution. Martial law was not declared. No military courts were established. Political and press freedoms remained intact.


Political Priorities:General Musharraf announced his Political Priorities:

• Rebuild national confidence and morale;
• Strengthening federation;
• Remove inter provincial disharmony;
• Restore national cohesion;
• Revival of the economy and restoration of investor’s confidence;
• Improving Law and order situation and dispensation of Justice;
• Depoliticise the state institutions and devolution of power;
• Swift and across the board accountability.
General Musharraf designed the following policies to achieve these goals:
• Accountability and return of looted wealth of the state;
• Revival of the economy through increasing Foreign exchange reserves and reducing International debt burden through rescheduling;
• Poverty Reduction and social uplift.
General Musharraf introduced New Local Bodies System, delegation of power to the District Government.
In the process of Return to Democracy he held:
1. Referendum, April 2002.
2. Introduced Legal Framework Order (LFO).
3. Held General Elections of National And Provincial Assemblies on 10th
Oct 2002.
4. Revival of the Constitution.
5. Civilian Governments formed in the provinces and the Centre.
5: Civilian Rule Established
In the new set up Musharraf is President in uniform. Mir Zafer-Ullah-Khan Jamali was the head of a coalition government. In three provinces there are governments of Muslim League (Q) and in NWFP there is the government of MMA working successfully.

 Let’s hope for the gradual consolidation of democratic rule.
Continue reading

at 0
Learning Lectures,Student And tourist advises

Political History
1. 1947-1971
2. 1972- to the Present

First Part:

1947-1971
  1. 1947-58
  2. 1958-69
  3. 1969-71

1: First Eleven Years (1947-58)


 Pakistan won independence under extremely difficult conditions. The next task was setting up of a new state.
There was no administrative structure. Riots, refugee’s problem and economic pressures were challenging for the new state.
Negative attitude from Indian government and war on Kashmir created problems in relations with India.
The Government of India Act 1935 was adopted as the first Interim Constitution. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General (GG) of Pakistan and Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister (PM).

Governor Generals:

1. M. A. Jinnah August Sept. 1947-Sept. 1948
2. Kh. Nazimuddin Sept. 1948-Oct 1951
3. Ghulam Mohammad Oct. 1951-Oct. 1955
4. Iskander Mirza Oct. 1955-March 1956

President:

1. Iskander Mirza March 1956-Oct. 1958

Prime Ministers:

1. Liaquat Ali Khan August 1947-Oct 1951
2. Kh. Nazimuddin Oct. 1951-April 1953
3. Muhammad Ali Bogra (i) April 1953-Oct 1954 Oct. (ii) 1954-August 1955
4. Ch. Muhammad Ali August 1955-Sept 1956
5. H.S. Suhrawardy Sept. 1956-Oct 1957
6. I.I. Chundrigar Oct. 1957-Dec 1957
7. Firoz Khan Noon Dec. 1957-Oct. 1958

Major Issues

• Constitution-making
• Elections at the provincial level
1. Punjab, NWFP 1951
2. Sindh 1953
3. East Bengal 1954
• 1st Constituent Assembly (CA) was dissolved and 2nd CA was constituted in 1955.
• One Unit Scheme October 1955
• Economic management, Agriculture, Industrialization and Education was a question dealt in 1st Five Year Plan.
• Political Instability was there. Weak and short-lived governments shattered the whole political system.
• Decline of Political Parties created bad name for politicians.
• Instability was also there at the provincial level.

2: Second Phase (1958-69)

Martial Law remained imposed from October 1958 to June 1962. Constitutional Rule was restored on June 1962 and remained till the 2nd Martial Law on March 1969.
Ayub Khan took over as Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) and the President. He got himself elected through referendum in 1960 and re-elected in January 1965 through presidential elections.

Important Policy Measures

Important Policy Measures taken by the Ayub government were:
Administrative Reforms which included removal of unwanted officials, some 1662 in number.
Restrictions on political activities. Political leaders were stopped from taking part in politics for 6 years on the charge of corruption and other charges under the law named EBDO.
Economic planning was done for industrial development and green Revolution. Educational Reforms
Constitution was introduced.

Downfall of Ayub Khan:

Indo-Pakistan war started and at the end of war Tashkand Pact was signed with India. People were not satisfied with this pact. They also resented the election results of 1965. Fruits of economic development were not distributed at masses level. Wealth of nation was concentrated in a few hands. This brought people to agitation and public demand resulted in resignation of the president.

3: Third Phase (1969-71)

Ayub Khan handed over power to Army Chief Yahya Khan. He imposed Martial Law and 1962
Constitution was abrogated. He took some immediate steps:
• Removal of officers 303
• Provinces Revived: March 30, 1970
• Abolition of Parity
• Legal Framework Order (LFO) as interim law issued in March 1970 which provided basic principles for:
• Constitution making
• Rules and regulations for elections
• Seats in the assemblies
• National Assembly 313 (300 plus 13 women seats) For East Pak 162 plus 7 West Pak 138 plus 6

General Elections

General Elections were held in December 1970.
Election Results were:
Awami League 160 general seats
Pakistan People’s Party 81 general seats
Transfer of power became a major problem. Failure of dialogue for transfer of Power among three top leaders led to confrontation and military action on March 25, 1971. It ultimately resulted in Civil war and alienation of East Pakistan.

 India played a very negative role. It attacked on East Pakistan and India-Pakistan war started which ended with the separation of East Pakistan.

Continue reading
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)